Electron-Phonon Coupling at the Tungsten Surface

8/27/26:

The struggles in the political realm can give clues as to why this theory is not accepted as correct. Since Donald Trump came down the escalator in 2015, there has been an unrelentling campaign to run him out of the political sphere. It isn't because he did anything WRONG, but is because the political realm will not accept his existence.

The truth of the matter is that protectionism isn't endemic to America, but to the world. If America gives up protection of its vital industries, then the rest of the world will swooop down and take it over. Since WWII, that is exactly what has happened.

This has lessons in the political sphere. Indeed, the rejection of this theory may be political in nature. There are those with too much to lose by this acceptance, and they will fight it to the very end.

The fallacy is that there's no political motivations behind the rejection of Cold Fusion.

But that's nothing new. Not really. It has been suspected all along.

It is also nothing new in the history of science. Galileo was imprisioned. Quantum mechanics theory wasn't accepted at first. There are other examples, I'm sure. Human nature doesn't change even if science is involved.

But how do you prove it? That's a discussion in a seemingly unrelated post coming up soon.

7/25/11: The original post is below:

Another BECNF post here.  At first blush, this may not seem relevant since BECNF doesn't mention this coupling.  I got interested in it because of phonons, as phonons can act as bosons, which are relevant to the theory.

There may also be an objection with respect to Tungsten, since the BECNF is about Ni H systems, not tungsten.

What caught my attention, besides the phonon reference was this quote near the end:

This is an important dissipation channel for energy and will affect chemical reactions at surfaces, such as reactions on catalysts. Another interesting implication is the possibility of an electron-phonon-mediated superconductivity that is confined to the surfaces of metals and has a greatly enhanced critical temperature as compared to ordinary superconductors. [emphasis added]

As I noted before, "cold fusion" has been said to be a surface effect phenomenon.

A closer look at this paper allows another quote that I find interesting:

Since these "many-body" effects are often more prominent in physical systems with less than three dimensions  [ comment: as you would find on the surface] carefully prepared surfaces furnish good two-dimensional test beds for examining these effects in detail.

BCEs in this context probably qualify as a type of "many-body" effects referred to here.

Rossi's catalyst then, could be key.  Maybe that is why it is such a big secret.

Bose Einstein Condensates and the E-cat

6/26/26: Update:

Well, here's another blast from the past. Yours truly used to follow this, and I stopped following it. Therefore, I cannot offer any new thoughts on the subject.

But it is an old story. Not to be discrediting it for being old. Shoot, I'm old. What wrong with old? Sometimes "old" can be a cool thing. Like Cool Hand Luke. Luke said that sometimes nothing can be a pretty cool hand. If you think old means "nothing", but nothing can still be cool.

I reacted to this post because of one of the knocks against cold fusion back in the day. It went against all of what was known in nuclear physics. As if nothing new could be learned. The world is full of jackasses. As for me, I try not to exceed the limits of jackassery.

A thing is or it isn't. Cold fusion got discredited, and probably not for fair nor honest reasons.

It's worth investigating why there seemed to be these anomalous results from experiments. Instead it was discredited because of conventional wisdom that isn't exactly wisdom in my book. So there.

The original post of 7/18/2011 follows below:

Somebody else responded to my question to Andrea Rossi besides Rossi himself.  It was the observation that these condensates form at very low temperatures.  However, a little digging shows that it can be predicted that these condensates can form at very high temperatures too.  I cite the source here:

It has been predicted that a quasi-equilibrium system of bosons could undergo Bose-Einstein condensation even at relatively high temperatures, if the flow rate of energy pumped into the system exceeds a critical value. 

I found the link to this from the Wikipedia entry on Bose Einstein condensates, footnote number 10.  There is more to this, but I have shortened it because of a lack of time.  It should be easy enough to follow, though.

Update:

As I wrote before, the topic here is way above my pay scale, so I think I'll let it drop at this point.  It is interesting reading to a certain extent, but without the formal education to fully understand it, I feel a bit confused sometimes when I read this stuff.

I've been spending the last few hours reading over such topics as "spin" and "anti parallel" and so forth.  As best as I can determine, the theory offered to explain the e-cat's low energy nuclear reaction seems plausible. I'd rather not go much further than that.  That belongs in a discussion elsewhere.

Update:

Here's some information on Yeong E. Kim.  I'd say it looks pretty impressive.

Rossi's Self Sustaining One Megawatt Reactor

Update, 2/5/26:

Whatever happened to cold fusion? It's a sad story.  Indeed, the whole story may have been a big hoax, but I'm not so sure.  The world can be a very cruel place sometimes.  Do not jump to the conclusion that those who were discredited (Flieshman and Pons) really deserved that fate.  It could well be that their discovery was suppressed at the behest of some very powerful interests.

So many of the links below, if not all, no longer work.  Someday, cold fusion may rise again.

7/22/11:

by Hank Mills Pure Energy Systems News (was a link, but no longer available)

I think that a self sustaining reactor should be the final "nail in the coffin" for the skeptics.  Where does the energy come from if all other sources have been eliminated?

The fact that the one megawatt plant will use no input power (the vast majority of the time) is very important. This will be absolute -- beyond any doubt -- proof that the technology works as claimed. Simply put, the pathological skeptics and naysayers will not be able to refute that cold fusion is taking place.  [emphasis added]

As for why it could work, the Bose Einstein Condensate Theory may check out.  Several weeks ago, I recall seeing this observation about the phenomenon known as "cold fusion"

"cold fusion is a surface effect phenomenon", http://youtu.be/gGJiLrG3fLY Note: no longer available, but one substituted in its place, at 46 minutes into video

Now, let's look at the Bose Einstein Condensate Theory, put forth by Yeong Kim, Purdue Nuclear and Many Body Theory Group (PNMBTG) Preprint PNMBTG-6-2011 (June 2011)

(1) additives used (not disclosed in the patent application) form Ni alloy and/or Ni metal/alloy oxide in the surface regions of nickel nano-scale particles, so that Ni atoms/nuclei become mobile with a sufficiently large diffusion coefficient and (2) local magnetic field is very weak in the surface regions, providing a suitable environment in which two neighboring protons can couple their spins anti-parallel to form spin-zero singlet state (S=0). Relatively low Curie temperature (nickel has the Curie temperature of 631 oK (~358 oC)) is expected to help to maintain the weak magnetic field in the surface regions  [emphasis added]

 There may be some objections to the Bose Einstein Condensates forming at these temperatures, but the others who say it can happen.  The theory has to be experimentally tested.

Returning to Mill's article:

Secondly, the nickel powder is processed in such a way that tubercles or protrusions form on it. After this processing, the nickel may resemble filamentary nickel.  (previous 2 words was a link, but no longer available) 

This further supports the notion that it is a surface phenomenon.  Filaments mean more surface area, I gather.

The high surface activity of T255 nickel powder's fine filamentary structure facilitates diffusion during sintering, ensuring high porosity with good strength, superior conductivity and long battery life.[http://www.incosp.com/products/type_255/ --- link broken 

In a Bose Einstein Condensate, the coulomb barrier is suppressed, which allows the "cold fusion" reaction to take place.

BEC cold fusion confusion

The bose-einstein condensate of photons article mentioned something about being in two dimensions. Boy does that suck I mean the way I put that. Well I'm transcribing it using the cellphone and uh its kinda hard to do it with proper English. I'm speaking of myself not in general I am not too great at speaking. Words and sentences come out in jumbles. With that aside let's go along to this subject matter. In earlier post, I noticed it was discussed that cold fusion is a surface phenomenon. Well on the surface you are in two dimensions, is that not so? So is this just a coincidence, or do we have something that could be significant? If it is in two dimensions does that not make it easier to make a collision that would result in fusion? If for no other reason in two dimensions you have less space to account for.

EGO OUT: A SEMINAL NEW PAPER ABOUT NEW ENERGY.

EGO OUT: A SEMINAL NEW PAPER ABOUT NEW ENERGY.: The ICCF-18 paper: "Theoretical Analysis and Reaction Mechanisms for  Experimental Results of Hydrogen-Nickel Systems" by Yeong...

More on the BEC theory.  I read the PDF, in which there's a link to it at the site above.

Could BEC explain the phenomenon which came to be known as cold fusion?

BEC and LENR revisted ( repost )

NOTE

There was a post recently here about an unrelated topic--- the invention of a process to make beamed energy work at 70% efficiency.  This involves making a tiny gap between two pieces that are nanometers apart, if I am not mistaken.  The process requires a type of atomic vapor deposition process.  It occurred to me that you can make an artificial bunch of nanocracks this way and perhaps that would help the fusion process.  Make a whole bunch of them, maybe like making a computer chip.


Note:  BEC means Bose Einstein Condensate, LENR means Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

Curiosity got the better of me.  This stuff is so esoteric that it is tough to read about, much less describe.  Let's stick with the easy stuff first.

Let's review what I've posted on the subject so far:

1. Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System
2. Bose--Einstein Condensate (video) 
3. Just asked a question of Mr. Rossi 
4. Statistical correlation for the composite Boson 
5. Bose Einstein Condensates and the E-cat 
6. Bose Einstein Condensate and LENR 
7. Rossi's Self Sustaining One Megawatt Reactor 

These are all linked so that it is now easy to access each in case you feel the need for the review.

Here's what I got curious about. BEC's are always referred to as being near absolute zero.  However, there are predictions of BEC's at high temperatures.  But these BECs are not the same kind of BECs as the ones that are being referred to as being formed near absolute zero temperature.  The question then is this: How can we achieve fusion if the formation of a BEC at high temperature isn't possible for this type of material?  That's because the high temperature BECs are, shall we say, a bit exotic, for the want of a better term.

There is an attempt to explain by way of magnetism, see #7 above.  It seems that magnetism can be affected by temperature which allows the "bosons" to form.  That means the non exotic material must behave as bosons.  The non exotic material will be hydrogen and nickel.  However, the exotic material is said to be the material that can form bosons at this high temperature.  Can hydrogen and nickel do the same?  That is what this theory is claiming in the conclusion which I linked to in #7 above.

By the way, the "exotic material" I am referred to are called "magnons", or quasiparticles.  Another term, which I am looking at now, is called a "spin wave".  It is rather complicated stuff and I won't try to explain what, frankly, I don't understand.  Actually, the exotic material isn't material at all.  It may well be material in an unusual state.   It is a phenomena which is being exhibited, it is not a particle.   From the wikipedia:

These fictitious particles are typically called "quasiparticles" if they are fermions (like electrons and holes), and called "collective excitations" if they are bosons (like phonons and plasmons),[1] although the precise distinction is not universally agreed.

Then we are talking about "magnons" that can behave as bosons.  Ok, I think I get it.  It is in an excited state, also known as a magnon, but as far as a particle is concerned, it is still hydrogen and nickel.  It is acting in a collectively excited state, if it is a boson.   The boson state can be reached at a certain temperature called the Curie point, in which magnetism is affected.  This aids in allowing bosons to form because magnetism is affected at that temperature.  This is how you get "magnons".

I'll return to this subject in the future, but for now, I'll think I'll stop here.

The above posts and this one will now go into a separate category which will be labeled BECNF Ni-H Theory.   It will also get labeled as a sidebar entry, so as to trace the history of the labels for this blog.

The SuperWave™ Fusion Process ( repost )

Note:


I'm sure that somewhere in this blog, I hypothesized that cold fusion may not produce gamma radiation because of interference of the the gamma rays.  This would depend upon the creation of a Bose-Einstein condensate ( BEC ), which would mean that the waves were all in the same quantum state.  If, by being in the same condensate, the waves would be tricked into acting as if they came from the same source.  Those kind of waves could show the interference effect.

The latest video by McKubre indicates that cold fusion is a surface phenomenon.  It is my further hypothesis that the nano cracks he is referring to may be a type of interference.  The waves will tend to bounce off the boundaries at the surface and interfere with the oncoming waves.  This could possibly create the conditions where fusion takes place as well as the interference in the production of gamma rays.



Uploaded by nofunclub Apr 23, 2009

Not exactly a new video, but I wanted to point out the "Wave" aspect of this process. It seems that waves have a significance in cold fusion. As a collective excitation, could they become bosons and form a BEC?

This video doesn't claim that, however.  Now, if the collective excitation does become a BEC, it could explain the ability to cross the coulomb barrier and fuse.

Frank Znidarsic: Quantum Transition, Cold Fusion, and Antigravity

link courtesy of ecat now

comment:

Anti-gravity?  How interesting.  Also, there seems to be something here about BEC.

Interesting discussion at 21:30.  BEC's are mentioned.  You can get a summary of the video here.

Dr. Michael McKubre: Experimental Cold Fusion, Nonsense Skepticism, and Progressing LENR

link through E-cat now  Cold Fusion Now

Update and Comments:

"A surface phenomenon."  50:50 into the video.  I should also point out that he says it happens at "nano cracks".  Question:  What does the phenomenon have to do with cracks?  A possible answer is that it produces more surface area!

What are the properties of a Bose Einstein Condensate?

uni-muenster.de

Nice set of posts to educate yourself on this subject ( in case you're interested ).


Following this thread

1. What are Magnons?
2. Magnon Bose Einstein Condensation
3. How can one achieve a Bose Einstein Condensation of Magnons?
4. How can one raise the chemical potential of a quasi particle gas?
5. What are the creation and destruction mechanisms for magnons?
6. How does a magnon gas reach a statistical energy distribution?

Now, a BEC can effect cold fusion through the phenomenon of quantum tunneling.

That's the theory, anyhow.

A BEC doesn't have to be near absolute zero.  Room temperature BEC's have been observed.

EGO OUT: A VETERAN’S VOICE

EGO OUT: A VETERAN’S VOICE: Interview with Professor YEONG E. KIM It is a self-assumed task of this blog(ger) to provide young LENR researchers with the best in...

comment:

After posting yesterday on the ITER, a number of things occurred to me.  Amongst these things, the pursuit of hot fusion is not the panacea that has been attributed to it.  It too, will produce dangerous wastes.  It is not as clean as it being hyped as being.

As a consequence, I turned my attention back to cold fusion.  One aspect of the discussion has fascinated me, and that is Yeong Kim's theory of a Bose Einstein condensate as the theory for cold fusion.  I even made a separate category for it on the blog.

A perusal of google searches lead to nothing much on the subject.  I was particularly interested in a discussion of Les Case's work on his device.  There was some speculation that Case's work was related to Rossi's work.

I did find the video below, but I had already posted this video before.  Here it is again.

Before I show that, the above link is to an interview of Kim by Peter Gluck of the blog "EGO OUT".

I found no additional information in the interview, sadly.  I am hungry for more.

EGO OUT: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DEFKALION’S LENR TECHNOLO...

EGO OUT: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DEFKALION’S LENR TECHNOLO...: Prologue: My readers know that I am completely and irreversibly dedicated to LENR. I want LENR to be understood and to be used as a signific...

Comment:

Defkalion may be worth watching more closely.

BECNF theory seemed pretty interesting for a time.  I was wondering though, if a quasi-particle assumes a BEC state, do the particles comprising the quasi-particle also assume a BEC state?  I checked back through the pdf file in Rossi's blog for an answer.  It is very technical stuff, and so I didn't get very far with answering that question.  The best I could tell was that it did.  Collectively the particles making up a quasi-particle may act like a boson, but individually they are still fermions.  How that allows the coulomb barrier to be overcome is not clear at all.

Znidarsic's lecture at "The Third International Conference for Future Energy"

Mentions Rossi's work.  BEC's once again?  I think so.  My impression is that it seems to be once again about the nature of waves.

The quality of the video is not really too good. Here's a YouTube video that you can see the ideas, perhaps a bit better.

AlienScientist Interview with Frank Znidarsic Part 1 of 2

The SuperWave™ Fusion Process

Uploaded by nofunclub Apr 23, 2009

Not exactly a new video, but I wanted to point out the "Wave" aspect of this process. It seems that waves have a significance in cold fusion. As a collective excitation, could they become bosons and form a BEC?

This video doesn't claim that, however.  Now, if the collective excitation does become a BEC, it could explain the ability to cross the coulomb barrier and fuse.

Cold Fusion Enigma, Secrets Remain--- Fleischmann Pons III

As I wrote earlier today, I wanted to study paramagnetism.  I thought that I may connect this up with BECNF, but instead of nickel, using palladium instead.  It occurred to me that an experiment might be set up, which tests the idea that transmutations could occur through beta decays, as indicated in a previous post.

As you can see, there are multiple links to other web pages.  I'd like to keep a record of where I've been today, so I'll be able to backtrack if I want to.

Naturally, I don't want to reinvent the wheel, so I began looking at what has already been done.  I consulted the video, Fire From Water, which is on the paranormaltvchannel YouTube channel.  I made several notes, and by the way, I've posted about this video before.  Reinventing the wheel happens sometimes anyway.

I have learned a few things from that video, so it is well worth watching over and over.  Here is what I was looking for:  Les Case's activated carbon catalyst for his palladium cold fusion device.  Unfortunately, Case died in 2010.  His device was checked by McKubre, who should be a familiar name for cold fusioneers.

There is also a mention in the video of CETI Patterson Power Cell.   It has nickel as well as palladium in it.

Now, Case's idea is more heat than electrolysis, as with Pons and Fleischmann's device.  It is rather like Rossi's device, which uses a catalyst with heat.

The trouble with Yeoung Kim's Bose Einstein condensate, is that it requires the property of paramagnetism, which is the case with palladium, but an electric current may negate that.  A way around that seems to have been to saturate the palladium with deuterium, then turn that off and use a catalyst plus heat to induce a cold fusion reaction.  Heat combined with a catalyst can bring about the conditions for a BECNF type reaction. Or so I am postulating here.  

Rossi's device doesn't use deuterium though.   Pons and Fleischman's did.  P&F claimed fusion of deuterium, but that is not the case with Rossi's device.  There are differences, but there are similarities.

 

How can 30% of nickel in Rossi’s reactor be transmuted into copper?

by Dott. Giuliano Bettini Retired. Earlier: Selenia SpA, Rome and IDS SpA, Pisa Also Adjunct Professor at the University of PisaAdjunct Professor at Naval Academy, Leghorn (Italian Navy) link via Rossi's site or blog

This is as good of a post that can describe in as simple a fashion as possible how the E-cat may work.  It depends upon one of the many theories that attempts to explain cold fusion.  Frankly, I like the BECNF theory a bit better.  Why?

Simple, really.  I read about Bose Einstein condensates many years ago.  I think it is fair to say that you favor that which you are most familiar.  I am not familiar with Stremmenos' theory.  It is as simple as that.  It would be incorrect to say that I think one theory is better than another.  I do not know the answer to that question.

It is, after all, a post that I categorize as "armchair physics".  Not professional.  I make no such claims.  It is an attempt by yours truly to understand something that is difficult, and to try to discuss it in an intelligent manner. Hopefully, I don't botch it too badly.

Now, for Stremmenos' theory. Again, not trying to botch it too badly, so here goes a little ditty on that.

There is such a thing as muon catalyzed fusion.  Muons exist and are, for want of a better explanation, are like "heavy" electrons.  They are negatively charged, like electrons, but aren't electrons.  So, they can balance out the electrical charge of a proton, which is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom.  The heaviness of the muon shrinks the size of the hydrogen atom.  It then becomes something like Stremmenos' mini atom.  The mini atom (muon proton combo) tunnels through the Coulomb barrier and fuses with the nucleus.  Ta da!  You have fusion. That's muon catalyzed fusion.

But Stremmenos doesn't depend upon muons, but some other mechanism for making mini atoms.  Let's look at a quote from that post:

it is conceivable that, for a very short time period (e.g. 10ˆ-18 sec), a series of neutral mini atoms of hydrogen could be formed, in an unstable state, of various size and energy level, distributed within the Fermi band, which is enlarged due to the very short time (Heisenberg).

The neutral mini-atoms of high energy and very short wave length – which is in phase with the “cyclic” orbit (de Broglie) – are statistically captured be the nickel nuclei of the crystal structure with the speed of nuclear reactions (10ˆ-20 sec).

It appears that the mini atoms can exist for a long enough period to be captured.  That's because 10 ^-18 is a bigger number than 10 ^-20 . The mini atoms exist long enough for the nuclear reaction to take place. I think that may be the key understanding here. That is, if I didn't botch it.

Update:

You get steam heat from that reaction

BECNF and the E-cat

For a reaction sequence, this looks a whole lot better than Widom Larsen. The sequence goes straight to copper 63. In the case of Widom Larsen, you could go down a few complicated pathways.

In addition, the beta decays occur faster with BECNF. Notice that the slowest reaction is 3.333 hours, as opposed to months or years with some of the beta minus decays in the Widom Larsen scenario.

It could turn out that Rossi Focardi's E-cat is truly a cold fusion device.  If so, it is actually a surprise to me.  I wrote before that I didn't think there was any such thing as cold fusion.  Not to say that this convinces me of the reality of cold fusion, but Widom Larsen left me somewhat disappointed.  This sequence makes it plausible ( to me) as an energy producing possibility.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper

Will "Cold Fusion" and Hot Fusion join forces?

Really Cheap, Really Clean Electricity from Boron | tblakeslee

• E=MC² tells us that one ounce of matter could be converted to seventy million dollars worth of electricity!
• Boron fusion produces only safe, non-radioactive helium as a product. 
• The plasma created by a simple DPF device creates its own swirling magnetic field as it collapses 
• By copying nature instead of fighting it, we can get the energy we need, easily. 
•   LPP has spent only $3 million so far. 
• Finally, their test machine is reaching temperatures needed for the boron reaction.
• There is evidence that the excess heat produced in cold fusion experiments comes from microscopic plasmoids that form inside the metal matrix. E. H. Lewis photographed the melted tracks they made in the metal residue of successful cold fusion experiments.
[emphasis added]
•   The plasmoids seem to form in clusters in the metal lattice that may be created by bose-einstein condensation. [see my related posts]
• In October, Andre Rossi has promised to deliver its first commercial megawatt thermal plant to Ampenergo, a spinoff of Leonardo Technologies Inc, that will market the E-Cat. Daily updates on the Rossi blog claim that everything is built and on track for delivery as scheduled. Using nano-powdered nickel and hydrogen fuel, his approach to generating heat is amazingly simple. Let’s hope that he ships and let’s hope that LPPs boron fusion test works. We badly need them both!

 Well, could it be?  It seems to sound that way.  The thought occurred to me that maybe, just maybe, the two can join.  A BEC in a DPF plasmoid?  Is it even remotely possible?

The article doesn't say that.  I'm just speculating.

Update:

Thanks to E-Cat News for linking to (actually putting it up on their page) this post.  I appreciate it guys!  I'm flattered.

13. Widom-Larsen Theory Simplified

As long as we are destroying everybody's faith in "cold fusion", here's this article about another theory of low energy nuclear reactions.

Incidentally, one of Huizenga's objections to "cold fusion" was how did the Coulomb barrier get surpassed? I wrote about a theory that covered that possibility recently. Check the label, "BECNF Ni-H Theory" for a list of those posts.

Pauli exclusion principle and the BECNF theory

I'm still trying to get my mind around this theory.  The next question is this:  How does a BEC suppress the Coulomb Barrier and allow "cold fusion"?

The answer?  It must be the Pauli Exclusion Principle

It causes atoms to take up the space they do, since electrons cannot all congregate in the lowest-energy state but must occupy higher energy states at a distance from lower-energy electrons, therefore matter made of atoms occupies space rather than being condensed.

As we saw in the last post, distance is key in the Coulomb Barrier

In order to accomplish nuclear fusion, the particles involved must first overcome the electric repulsion to get close enough for the attractive nuclear strong force to take over to fuse the particles. 

Therefore, the BEC allows the atoms to get close enough for the strong force to take over and fusion takes place.

Update 7/26

You know, this wasn't very clearly written.  The point was supposed to be about the Pauli Exclusion Principle and somehow this didn't get explained.  Very well, let me try again.  The Pauli Exclusion Principle is what makes matter the way that it is.  Matter takes up space, as mentioned above.  The Pauli Exclusion Principle is why:  two atoms, which must obey this principle, cannot share the same quantum state, and therefore must be far apart.  For this reason, they are called "fermions", because they obey this principle.  Bosons do not.   As Bose and Einstein predicted, bosons will condense under appropriate conditions.  This means that the atoms of matter will get closer together.  The BECNF theory posits that a condensate is forming that is allowing the atoms to get close enough together in order to allow fusion to take place.  Under normal conditions, this will not happen.  The BECNF theory explains under what conditions these condensates may be forming which are allowing the Coulomb barrier to be overcome which will allow fusion at low temperatures.

With respect to the Coulomb barrier, fusion can take place either by the above theory, if proven correct, or by very high temperatures, which is the way it is being attempted by the hot fusioneers.  Either way may work in theory, but what separates the two is that Rossi may have found out how to do this in a commercially feasible way, which would be quite an achievement.