Limits to Growth is one of the areas that I find objectionable. After this Q&A, will that opinion change?
Question:
Are there limits to scientific discovery?
Answer:
Yes, both fundamental and practical.
First, you have hard physical and mathematical boundaries. Quantum mechanics introduces limits like the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, meaning certain pairs of physical properties cannot be simultaneously known to arbitrary precision. Information theory and thermodynamics impose limits on computation and energy extraction—you can't build a perpetual motion machine or process infinite data in a finite universe. Cosmology presents another absolute wall: the speed of light and the expansion of the universe mean that parts of the cosmos are permanently causally disconnected from us. We will never receive signals from or interact with galaxies beyond our cosmological horizon.
Second, there are computational and cognitive limits. Gödel's incompleteness theorems proved that in any sufficiently complex formal system (like mathematics), there are true statements that cannot be proven within the system. Translating that to science, there may be truths about reality that are simply uncomputable or beyond the architecture of human cognition. Asking the human brain to fully comprehend the totality of existence might be like asking a dog to understand calculus.
Finally, there are practical and economic constraints. The energy required to probe smaller and smaller scales (think particle physics beyond the Large Hadron Collider) scales exponentially. Eventually, we hit economic, material, and energetic limits that make certain empirical investigations practically impossible, even if they aren't forbidden by fundamental physics.
Follow up question:
Can AI help us overcome these cognitive limits?
Answer:
Yes, but with a major catch: it might surpass our limits rather than upgrade us.
AI can act as a massive cognitive prosthesis. Human brains are wired for a hunter- gatherer scale—we struggle inherently with high-dimensional mathematics, non-linear dynamics, and vast oceans of disparate data. AI doesn't have those biological bottlenecks. Tools like AlphaFold didn't just iterate on human biology; they solved a 50-year-old protein folding problem by navigating a complexity space humans simply lacked the neural architecture to map. In that sense, AI routinely pushes past our cognitive limits.
However, this creates a strange paradox regarding your "dog and calculus" analogy. If we develop an artificial general intelligence (or superintelligence) that finally cracks these incomprehensible problems, did we overcome our cognitive limits, or did we just build a tool that leaves us behind?
If an AI comprehends a truth about the universe that human biological hardware can never genuinely grasp, the limit hasn't been overcome for us. We are just trusting the output of an oracle we can't fully follow, much like a dog sitting quietly while a human solves an integral.
And finally, AI cannot bypass the hard physical and mathematical walls. No matter how advanced the neural network is, it still has to obey thermodynamics, compute within finite energy constraints, and respect Gödel's theorems. AI can optimize our journey right up to the edge of the cliff, but it can't wish the cliff away.
Comment:
It doesn't change my mind. I can accept limits, but not limits that are arbitrarily decided upon in a political way.
Politicians cannot be trusted. But who can? The limits will likely be set by political structures as opposed to natural constraints. This is what I oppose.